ANTH 1120 Midterm Exam Review - 2818 Words

Exam Review: TERMS Culture: The system of meanings about the nature of experience that are shared by a people and passed on from one generation to another, including the meanings that people give to things, events, activities, and people. Ethnocentrism: The tendency to judge the beliefs and behaviours of others from the perspective of one’s own culture. Ethnocentric Fallacy: The mistaken notion that the beliefs and behaviours of other cultures can be judged from the perspective of one’s own culture. Relativism: The attempt to understand the beliefs and behaviours of other cultures in terms of the culture in which they are found. Relativistic Fallacy: The idea that it is impossible to make moral judgements about the beliefs and†¦show more content†¦The egocentric self takes on the idea that each individual, as an aware and distinct person, is responsible for their actions. As such, the individual possesses intrinsic qualities such as generosity, integrity, or beauty. However, for the sociocentric self, no individual possesses the intrinsic qualities; generosity, integrity, or beauty can only apply to social situations (i.e. rather than â€Å"the man is generous,† for the egocentric self, the sociocentric self would see â€Å"he gives money to his friends†). Provide one reason why anthropologists prefer to use the ethnographic method. To avoid bias that can emerge from an armchair approach, anthropologists can conduct their own research through the ethnographic method and collect vital information through surveys and questionnaires themselves in the ethnographic method. Participant observation allows for in-depth immersion in the lives of the particular group to understand the meanings these people ascribe to their existence, allowing the anthropologist to see others from their point of view. Identify and briefly explain two challenges in doing fieldwork. Fieldwork requires funding and permission; anthropologists require sponsorship from the government or other external benefactors. The application process to receive funding from the government is also highly competitive, meaning that anthropologists

Essay about The Use Of Setting In A P - 756 Words

The setting of A P; is quite usual for a regular grocery store on a weekday. The town is north of Boston, five miles from the beach. Since the store is right in the middle of town, banks and churches and the newspaper store can been seen from the front doors. The day is Thursday, so there is not very much business. Outside, the sun can be seen on the pavement. The main character, Sammy, is almost nineteen years old and his coworker, Stokesie, is twenty-two and married. The manager, Lengel, is gray and teaches Sunday school. The setting in John Updikes story, A amp; P;, is used as a way to show humor and realism. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Updike uses the setting in a way to show humor. In the beginning, Sammy is ringing up an†¦show more content†¦The girls also pass a Pyramid of Diet Delight peaches; (Updike 318). The reason the girls even make the journey into the store is for a can of Kingfish Fancy Herring Snacks in Pure Sour Cream; (Updike 319). The sounds made by the cash register also make the story have a sense of realism as Updike sings the cash register song: I go through the punches, 4,9, GROC, TOT- its more complicated than you think, and after you do it often enough, it begind to make a little song, that you hear words to, in my case Hello (bing) there, you (gung) hap-py pee-pul (splat)!;-the splat being the drawer flying out. (319) The most realistic point in the story is when the three girls are described. First, the short one is seen by Sammy as Updike so explains: The one that caught my eye first was the one in the plaid green two-piece. She was a chunky kid, with a good tan and a sweet broad soft-looking can with those two crescents of white just under it, where the sun never seems to hit, at the tops of the backs of her legs. (316) Then, Updike describes the tall one as being: [W]ith black hair that hadnt quite frizzed right, and one of these sunburns right across under the eyes, and a chin that was too long-you know, the kind of girl other girls think is very striking; andShow MoreRelatedAlienation and LonelinessThe 1984 Novel by George Orwell758 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Orwells 1984, uses betrayal as a method to further the feeling of alienation and loneliness. â€Å"In walks these three girls in nothing but bathing suits (Updike 430).† The opening of the short story written by John Updike, called ‘AP’, immediately creates a sense of bewilderment. The setting the author uses as the backdrop is very essential to the story and helps with understanding the main character’s decision to eventually quit his job at the end. The protagonist and main character isRead MoreAnalysis Of Kate Chopin s `` Desiree s Baby ``822 Words   |  4 Pageslife. Regionalism, which is a writing style that incorporates setting, dialect, and local color of certain regions of the United States was prominent among these new writing styles. Kate Chopin, one of the most prominent feminist writers of the nineteenth-century, masterfully used regionalism to write her literary masterpieces. Through her use of setting, characters, and language, Kate Chopin is considered a regionalist writer. The setting of Chopin’s works draws a picture within the reader’s mindRead MorePrejudice in Panache and The Bakers Story1434 Words   |  6 Pagesstories Panache and The Bakers Story. Through the use of setting, character, and tone, these authors try to convey their views on the ways that preconceptions can be proved wrong. Panache and The Backers Story show how prejudice can be overcome in an idealistic and a realistic manner. In Panache, Kinsella used a variety of contrasting settings, by comparison, in The Bakers Story Naipaul used a handful of similar settings. The first setting in Panache is the classroom at the end of theRead MoreMedia s Effect On Society1084 Words   |  5 Pagesinternet. These are referred to as ‘mass’ media, because they communicate to a mass audience comprised of very large numbers of people (Giddens, 2009, p.724). Mass media affects people differently because of diverse amounts of exposure and formats. It is a form of socialization, having a long-term effect on each member of society. Since numerous people use media very recurrently, it is evident to assume that it has effects on people. There are more than one theoretical dispute discussing the extent ofRead MoreAnalysis Of A P 940 Words   |  4 Pages6- What is the theme of â€Å"AP†? What literary devices are employed in the story? Love, disillusion, religion†¦ every story has its own theme and its author leads the readers all the way to its understanding. The short story â€Å"AP† is not an exception of this. Written by John Updike and published in the New Yorker in 1961, it tells the story of Sammy, a 19 years old cashier in an AP grocery store who is amazed by the journey of three girls that enter the store dressed only in bikinis. The story isRead MoreSolution-Diverse Groups : Applicability To Diverse Groups1115 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstanding and love for the parents. The emotions that one feels relates to a natural and emotional reaction between the parent-child relationship (Hsu Wang, 2011, p. 327). One of the aspects of practicing this intervention comes from respecting the children’s concerns about damaging the harmony within the family (Hsu Wang, 2011, p. 331). The different types of questions within the intervention have proven quite effective in Asian young adult clients to understand the viewpoints and interact withRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt )1373 Words   |  6 Pagesnegatively impact mood and overall function (p. 1286). Cognitive behavioral therapy is a mix between cognitive therapy and behavior therapy (Thoma Et al, 2015, p.424). This therapy was introduced by British researchers Aaron T. Beck and his collogues; Ellis and Brenner during the late 1980 s. This magnificent breakthrough gave individuals with psychotic symptoms a new way of overcoming their sickness and thinking, using little to no medication (Radu, 2012, p. 840). Since then, CBT has been transitionedRead MorePrevention Of Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections Essay1407 Words   |  6 Pages Prevention of Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections In the Healthcare Setting Dayna Menard Mount Vernon Nazarene University Prevention of Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections In the Healthcare Setting A Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a serious problem in the clinical setting. â€Å"UTIs are mostly associated with catheterization† (Hooton, 2010, p. 629). The infection can be described as bacteria invading the urinary tract. More so, the bacteria accounts for nosocomialRead MoreThe Discover Assessment Curriculum Development Model1284 Words   |  6 PagesThe DISCOVER Assessment Curriculum Development Model: This model, which can be applied in any educational setting helps students build on their strengths in problem solving and multiple intelligence. DISCOVER focuses on continuum problem solving which involves clearly solved problems to open-ended problem. Criterion 1: Respect for individuals with diverse abilities, strengths, and goals (FULLY MET) In 1993, Maker created DISCOVER to embrace Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence and designedRead MoreThe Theory Of The Change Theory1400 Words   |  6 PagesChange Theory In nursing, Lewin s change theory is frequently used. His theory contains three stages: the unfreezing stage, moving stage, and refreezing stage (Mitchell, 2013, p. 32). Lippitt s theory is based on Lewin s theory and includes seven linked phases the nursing process and uses similar wording (Mitchell, 2013, p. 33). This project will utilize Lippitt’s theory phases that include: †¢ phase 1: diagnose the problem, †¢ phase 2: assess motivation/capacity for change, †¢ phase 3: assess change

Indian Art in the Mughal Era Free Essays

The Musicals introduced many new things to Indian culture, one being monumental tomb architecture such as the world-famous Tag-Mall. Hindus and Buddhist always cremated their dead so burial was a new custom all together. Along with this came the written word of sacred manuscript text In the form of decorative calligraphy. We will write a custom essay sample on Indian Art in the Mughal Era or any similar topic only for you Order Now Beautiful Arabic passages from the Quern are Inscribed throughout the Tag-Mall. A very interesting way in which Hinduism and Islam were reconciled in McHugh India was through religious art, particularly in the form of the classic Indian epic, ‘The Ramadan’. The Ramadan’ tells the story of the great prince/god, Ram, who is actually and incarnation of Vishnu, and his quest to save his beautiful wife, Sits, from the terrifying demon-king, Raven. During this time, The Ramadan’ was depicted by both the Hindu Ragouts and the Islamic Musicals, which shows the adaptability of The Ramadan’, of which there were in fact many different versions. The Musicals produced a version of ‘The Ramadan’ in 1600 and the Ragouts produced theirs in 1720. The McHugh King, Kafka, had a Persian translation of The Ramadan’ created which is known as ‘The Freer Ramadan’. The Ragout style of art depicting ‘The Ramadan’ was more of a traditional Indian style and used large areas of sold, bright colors with more simple and less realistic looking figures and objects. The McHugh style used to depict The Ramadan’ was obviously heavily influenced by traditional Islamic art and was softer and more naturalistic. Over time more versions of ‘The Ramadan’ came to be, although, beginning in the sass’s the McHugh Empire is declining and no longer values Hindu texts like The Ramadan’ as it had before. Nevertheless, the ‘Siege of Lankan’ series of The Ramadan’ was commissioned by the Ragout ruler, Dally Sings, In 1725. I find this Interesting because Hinduism and Islam are two religions and belief systems that are so fundamentally different from each other, and yet they are reconciled here In the form of art. It is very interesting and somewhat surprising that the Islamic rulers would be so accepting of Hindu texts and culture. ‘Tale of two Remnants Indian art in the McHugh Era with this came the written word of sacred manuscript text in the form of decorative calligraphy. Beautiful Arabic passages from the Curran are inscribed throughout the the terrifying demon-king, Raven. During this time, ‘The Ramadan’ was depicted The Ramadan’, of which there were in fact many different versions. The Musicals 1720. The McHugh King, Kafka, had a Persian translation of ‘The Ramadan’ created looking figures and objects. The McHugh style used to depict ‘The Ramadan’ was texts like ‘The Ramadan’ as it had before. Nevertheless, the ‘Siege of Lankan’ series of ‘The Ramadan’ was commissioned by the Ragout ruler, Dalai Sings, in 1725. I find this interesting because Hinduism and Islam are two religions and belief systems that are so fundamentally different from each other, and yet they are reconciled here in the How to cite Indian Art in the Mughal Era, Papers

Introduction to Equality free essay sample

These can be along  the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs,  political beliefs, or other ideologies. It is the exploration  of these differences in a safe, positive, and nurturing environment. Equality means giving all children the best possible opportunities to achieve their potential in the setting. This does not necessarily mean treating all children ‘equally’ or every child achieving ‘the same’. Some will need special, or different, levels of support or challenge. This means planning for effective learning and development for all children irrespective of disability, heritage, special educational needs, social group, gender, physical or emotional needs, race or culture. Inclusion embodies the values, policies, and practices that support the right of every infant and child and his or her family, regardless of ability, to participate in a broad range of activities and contexts. Indirect or inadvertently occurring discrimination is often more difficult to spot, as it occurs when practice and procedures are applied without consideration to individuals’ circumstances. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Equality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A child or a worker will not be excluded directly but will be unable to participate because of their personal situation. For example, a nursery visit to caves where pupils must wear a hard hat will indirectly discriminate against a pupil who wears a turban as part of their religion. 1. 3 Explain how practices that support inclusion reduce the likelihood of discrimination. You should always be aware of practises within your workplace that might exclude some individuals. Some of these practices could be changed or modified in order to be more inclusive. All organisations are required to have policies and procedures that support agreed ways of working with partners, and within the current legislative requirements. The Equality Act has three main purposes: * To establish the Commission for Equality and Human Rights * To make discrimination unlawful on the grounds of religion or belief in the provision of goods, facilities and services, the disposal and management or premises, education, and the exercise of public functions * To create a duty on public authorities to promote equality of opportunity between men and women, and to prohibit sex discrimination in the exercise of public functions. Part of being respectful towards other people is being sensitive to the language you use to refer to them. The words we use to express ourselves can affect the concepts, values and attitudes we develop; they mould the way we think and may lead us to distorted or limited opinions. Language can reinforce the development of stereotyped and prejudiced ideas or it can help us think constructively and treat others respectfully. Talking about ‘a child with Down’s syndrome’ rather than ‘Down’s child’ puts the child first and their disability second and helps us to focus on the child as a person. You can also show respect to others by being prepared to discuss differences openly with children and to answer their questions.

Article Summary Analysis of Secondary Data Research Starters

It is not always easy to collect primary data for analysis. There are various ethical and logistical constraints that may hinder the effective gathering of primary data. There are incidences when ethical considerations poses difficulties in carrying out a research process. In addition, logistical factors such as contact with the participants may have an impact on the outcome of the study. In some incidences, it is usually difficult to conduct primary research due to the magnitude of the study.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Article Summary: Analysis of Secondary Data: Research Starters specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, secondary data analysis can be adopted to address these challenges. In secondary data analysis, the data used can either be qualitative or quantitative. Secondary data analysis involves the use of secondary data to provide new conclusions. In this case, the previous research findings a re re-analyzed to establish findings that complement or differ from the pervious conclusions (Wienclaw, 2009). The adoption of secondary analysis has been associated with negative and positive attributes. Secondary analysis can be economical on the part of the researcher given that little cost is incurred while conducting the research. In addition, the analysis of secondary data is critical in situations where there are ethical and logistical constraints in conducting primary research. It can also be noted that the collection of data for secondary analysis is faster because the data is readily available. Furthermore, it is worthy mentioning that, in most cases, the collection of data for secondary analysis is non-reactive. This is critical because it does not influence the behavior of the participants (Wienclaw, 2009). On the other hand, there are various shortcomings associated with secondary data analysis. Here, the researcher cannot have complete confidence in the quality of data used in the analysis because the data is not initially collected by the researcher. In this case, lack of control in the way data was primarily collected presents a major disadvantage to the analysis. In addition, the challenge of the researcher getting the necessary data sets for analysis is always present. The other disadvantage is that the researcher cannot ascertain whether the sample selection criterion initially used for the secondary data is genuine and scientific. In this case, it is not easy to extrapolate the findings due to the possibility of sampling and bias errors in the data used (Wienclaw, 2009). In secondary data analysis, various issues have to be put into consideration. Therefore, when the analysis involves the use of data that is collected using survey, the questions used in the survey should be appropriate for the secondary analysis. If the questions were not clear, an appropriate source of data should be sought.Advertising Looking for article on social sc iences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In reporting the conclusions of the secondary analysis, the experimental conditions in which the primary data are collected has to be considered. When using meta-analysis, which is another form of secondary data analysis, the researcher has to examine various results from different researchers to establish the general pattern of the results (Wienclaw, 2009). Secondary data analysis has been used on various occasions in social science studies. For instance, this analysis has been used in the study of depression and self-attribution in victims. Therefore, it can be asserted that the use of secondary data analysis is critical in social science studies. Secondary data analysis assists the researcher in providing answers to the questions on various social problems (Wienclaw, 2009). Despite the various shortcomings associated with secondary data analysis, it can be of great value in the advancement of social science. Reference Winslow, R.A. (2009). Analysis of Secondary Data: Research Starters, pp. 1-6. This article on Article Summary: Analysis of Secondary Data: Research Starters was written and submitted by user Jazmine M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Definition and Examples of Epilogues

Definition and Examples of Epilogues An epilogue is a concluding section of (or a postscript to) a speech or literary work. Also called a  recapitulation, an afterword, or an envoi. Though usually short, an epilogue may be as long as an entire chapter in a book. Aristotle, in discussing the arrangement of a speech, reminds us that the epilogue is not essential even to a forensic speechas when the speech is short or the matter easy to remember; for the advantage of epilogue is abridgement (Rhetoric). The etymology is  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹from the Greek, conclusion of a speech. Epilogue to Animal House Readers are often curious about what happens to the characters after the narrative ends. An epilogue satisfies this curiosity, leaving the reader informed and fulfilled. . . .[T]here is the infamous epilogue of the movie Animal House, in which stop-action frames of the characters contain comic captions describing what happened to them. So the gross-out king, John Blutarsky, becomes a United States senator; and the make-out king, Eric Stratton, becomes a Beverly Hills gynecologist. The desire to know more about characters after the natural ending of a narrative is not a critique of the story, but a compliment to the writer.(Roy Peter Clark, Help! for Writers: 210 Solutions to the Problems Every Writer Faces. Little, Brown and Company, 2011) Nicolaus on the Function of Epilogues in Classical Rhetoric (5th century A.D.) [A]n epilogue is a discourse that leads itself back upon demonstrations that have been said beforehand, encompassing a collecting of matters, characters, and emotions, and its task consists also of this, says Plato, at last to remind the listeners of the things that have been said [Phaedrus 267D].(Nicolaus, Progymnasmata. Readings From Classical Rhetoric, ed. by Patricia P. Matsen, Philip Rollinson, and Marion Sousa. Southern Illinois Univ. Press, 1990) Commentary An epilogue is where the author can be expected to wax philosophical. Here, for example, I might tell you that better listening not only transforms personal and professional relationships (which it does) but can also bring understanding across the gender gap, the racial divide, between rich and poor, and even among nations. All that is true, but if Im going to indulge in the unearned right to preach, maybe I should confine myself to matters closer to home. . . .(Michael P. Nichols, The Lost Art of Listening: How Learning to Listen Can Improve Relationships, 2nd ed. Guilford Press, 2009) Rosalinds Epilogue in As You Like It It is not the fashion to see the lady the epilogue; but it is no more unhandsome than to see the lord the prologue. If it be true, that good wine needs no bush, tis true that a good play needs no epilogue. Yet to good wine they do use good bushes; and good plavs prove the better by the help of good epilogues. What a case am I in then, that am neither a good epilogue, nor cannot insinuate with you in the behalf of a good play? I am not furnished like a beggar, therefore to beg will not become me: my way is, to conjure you; and Ill begin with the women. I charge you, О women, for the love you bear to men, to like as much of this play as please you; and I charge you, О men, for the love you bear to women (Ð °Ã · I perceive, by your simpering, none of you hate them) that between you and the women the play may please. If I were a woman, I would kiss as many of you as had beards that pleased me, complexions that liked me, and breaths that I defied not: and I am sure, as many as hav e good beards, or good faces, or sweet breaths, will, for my kind offer, when I make curtsy, bid me farewell.(William Shakespeare, As You Like It) Prosperos Epilogue in The Tempest Now my charms are all oerthrown,And what strength I haves mine own,Which is most faint: now, tis true,I must be here confind by you,Or sent to Naples. Let me not,Since I have my dukedom gotAnd pardond the deceiver, dwellIn this bare island by your spell;But release me from my bandsWith the help of your good hands.Gentle breath of yours my sailsMust fill, or else my project fails,Which was to please. Now I wantSpirits to enforce, art to enchant;And my ending is despair,Unless I be relievd by prayer,Which pierces so that it assaultsMercy itself, and frees all faults.As you from crimes would pardond be,Let your indulgence set me free.(William Shakespeare, The Tempest) Further Reading ConclusionDenouementHow to Borrow Money, by Stephen LeacockParts of a SpeechPeroration

Music Appreciation of Chris Brown Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music Appreciation of Chris Brown - Essay Example Since Chris Brown ventured in the music industry, he has released several hit songs. Among the songs include the 2005 debut album Chris Brown which produced the top single ‘Run It’ and the second album, Exclusive, which was released in 2007 with top singles, such as ‘Kiss Kiss’ and ‘With You’. In 2008, Chris produced his third album titled ‘Forever’. Later Chris started collaborative music with popular artists like T-Pain, Bow Wow, Lil Mama and Rihanna who he became engaged to, but later separated. According to Thompson, in February 8, 2009, Chris physically assaulted Rihanna, then his girlfriend, a crime which he later pleaded guilty. Chris Brown was handed a five -year probation and also on a community service, besides losing most of his fans. From his childhood, growing while seeing his mother being subjected to physical violence by his stepfather. The experience has literally defined the relation between him and women, particula rly the female artists. Maybe it was out of that respect did Chris Brown not involve most of the female artists in his albums. Since his entry into the hip-hop and R&B entertainment industry, only a few female artists including Rihanna who was his girlfriend had been in his debut albums. It was ironically when in 2009 Chris Brown was charged for assaulting Rihanna- his girlfriend. Brown has been determined to shed off the past and the 2009 assault charges have significantly defined his music career.

Why was the Nile River important for the rise of successful states in Essay

Why was the Nile River important for the rise of successful states in North Africa - Essay Example The river flows for more than 4000 miles through the Sahara desert, farmlands, swamps, villages, and large cities. Across its length, the Nile divides into several streams to form a delta before emptying into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile is regarded as international waters shared among countries along its source, flow, and mouth including Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Egypt. Since time in memorial, rivers have shaped the course of human history creating and sustaining great civilisations along its banks. River Nile is the birthplace of the greatest civilisations in the ancient world in Northern Africa and its importance remains vital to date. This paper seeks to highlight the importance of the Nile River for the rise of successful states in North Africa. The Nile forms large water basin along its length that has proven essential to nations in North Africa. The Sahara desert extends to nations serviced by river Nile including Egypt and Sudan creating varying climate regions. In North Africa, Egypt and Sudan receive sparse rainfall while as the south receives heavy downpour, contributing flooding in the north. The floodwaters drain to the north carrying with them fertile soil that formed the foundation of life in North Africa. The regular flooding of the Nile River emptied in valleys leaving them highly fertile and ready for growing season. Ancient civilisations established farming techniques to cater for their population, providing enough food for consumption and excess for trade purposes. Besides the fertile lands, river Nile provided water for irrigation purposes in farms along the river during the dry season. Farmers practised basin irrigation, which was a prolific adjustment of the natural rise and fall of the river where they regulated the flow of floodwaters into the basin through a network of earthen banks along the river. Irrigation allowed cultivation of large tracks of land even during the dry summer to provide food fo r the emerging civilisation. This saw a significant expansion of agricultural practices making Egypt and surrounding settlements the breadbasket for other civilisations such as the Roman Empire. Agricultural production received a boost with the construction of the Aswan High Dam, which saw the water harnessed for irrigation purposes leading to increased food production (Awulachew et al 12). The farmers cultivated wheat, barley, flax, and vegetables while rearing fowl, cattle, sheep, and goats. Agriculture played an important role in the economies of countries along the Nile basin by providing food to sustain the population. The existing government became wealthy and strong among the neighbouring nations leading to prosperity among its population. Owing to the increased production of food, there was an influx of population along the river valleys. The increase in population necessitated amicable governance for a harmonious existence. In addition, the population increase strained avai lable resources leading to the expansion of the existing settlements to accommodate new families. This contributed to the establishment of towns and cities along the fertile valleys of river Nile and with the intensified population growth, the leaders established territories governed through stratified government organs. The Nile River provides a stable source of water for both domestic and industrial use, which ensured a low cost of production of goods and services translating to increased efficiency and level of production. In regard to this, the economy thrives owing social security creating unlimited potential in terms of growth. This is especially because the government can focus on other economic sectors by committing large

Language processing capacities and learning abilities Dissertation

Language processing capacities and learning abilities - Dissertation Example Lust and Foley (2004) indicate that the rapid progress in the field of L1 acquisition, combined with the challenge of increasingly interdisciplinary literature, has turned into an overwhelming challenge to all scholars in the field. Their volume contains research into the philosophy and science of language acquisition. Articles include discoveries about the way children acquire abstract systems combining discrete symbolic elements in a language. Lust and Foley’s selected readings have an emphasis on linguistic theory, and they assert that theoretical positions in the field have often become polarized. Theoretical disputes are interpreted as a sign of vitality in the field.Johnson (2004) focuses on a review of traditional cognitive approaches to second language acquisition research, and offers a more sociocultural perspective. Her work reviews behaviorist, cognitivist, and information processing approaches to SLA. The author makes an overview of Vygotsky’s theory, includ ing discussion of inter- and intrapersonal interaction, the proximal development zone, and the role of language in mental processes development. She emphasizes the need to explore local second language ability, in terms of social environment, local genres, and institutional contexts.Bialystok et al. (2008) performed two studies to investigate lexical access in bilinguals. In the first one, monolinguals performed better than bilinguals on tests of naming and letter fluency, but not on category fluency. No differences existed with regard to vocabulary size

The History Of The Bourdieus Sociology Sociology Essay

The History Of The Bourdieus Sociology Sociology Essay Pierre Bourdieu was born in France in 1930 and died in 2002. He is well known for his works in the field of Sociology, Anthropology and Philosophy. He is best known for his theory of class distinction, which he theorised in his book Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Another theory he worked on was the theory of power and practice, where he dealt with subjects such as Symbolic power and habitus.  [1]   In Bourdieus view, agency and structure constantly sustain power, which is created within a culture and can become symbolic. This happens due to what he refers to as habitus. Habitus represents the norms and rules of society which are used to control peoples behaviour and way of thinking. Habitus is the way society becomes deposited in persons in the form of lasting dispositions, or trained capacities and structured propensities to think, feel and act in determinant ways, which then guide them (Navarro, 2006). Society is the one that creates habitus. The patterns developed can be transferred from a context to another and they change given different circumstances or a different period of time. Habitus is not fixed or permanent, and can be changed under unexpected situations or over a long historical period (Navarro, 2006). Free will and structures interact and give rise to habitus. There is no need for conscious thought or deliberate pursuit of coherence. In addition to habitus, Bourdieu talked about the concept of fields. These refer to several social or institutional networks where people can interact with others, thus showing their different kinds of capital and expressing their dispositions. Networks can be represented by relationships formed among people, relationships based on similarities such as: religion, education, culture. Power is not experienced in the same way in all environments; this means that the context a person is in has a big influence on habitus. Different contexts have an influence on the way people react to power. While a person could not be affected by power in one field, the same person could see it as a challenge in a different one. Bourdieu also talked about a concept he called capital. He elaborated on three types of capital, which go beyond material assets: cultural capital, symbolic capital and social capital. These concepts were presented in Bourdieus book Distinction where he argued that society maintains its order by following the rules of language, values, education, thinking or activities. These norms that people follow lead them to accept without thinking the differences present in society, the hierarchies made and the social inequality surrounding them. The three elements: habitus, capital and field play a central role in Bourdieus theory of Practice. These interact with each other forming the actions of people. A persons dispositions, or habitus, her capital and the fields in which she operates form her action repertoire. Social capital is one of the forms of capital mentioned by Bourdieu in his theories. It can refer to the networks of friends a person has, to the networks of the family or acquaintances or even of contacts. Social capital brings befits to a person by exerting preferential treatment towards in group members. Bourdieus economic capital refers to the material possessions of a person, for instance money and property. Having a low economic capital implies not having as many possessions or chances to afford high priced affairs. A high economic capital means a person owns more material possessions and is able to afford luxurious things. However, having a high economic capital does not mean a person is considered from a higher class. What Bourdieu suggests is that economic capital only combined with cultural capital forms the hierarchy of classes. Cultural capital plays an important role in the hierarchy of society. It is used by higher classes as a way to distinguish themselves from lower classes. It is a form of domination that is not based on economic domination. Instead, taste is the primary weapon of differentiation. Focusing on taste preferences instead of material assets became a method to hide inequality while still maintaining a well-defined line between lower and higher classes. Cultural capital is formed by the cultural knowledge and goods a person possesses. This form of capital includes artistic preferences and taste, educational background, aesthetic taste in fashion or furniture, as well as many others. Bourdieus theory of distinction states that cultural capital is represented by: cultivated disposition, which can be verbal facility, the way in which a person expresses herself in a conversation, but it can also be body posture, manners and general behaviour. Other representatives of cultural capital can be material objects that require specialised knowledge to appreciate, such as sculptures or old pieces of art which are not well-known by the general population. In addition to these, he argues that cultural capital is institutionalised, which refers to the educational background of a person. Attending a high ranked University is usually evidence of a higher level of cultural knowledge. Symbolic capital is closely related to cultural capital and symbolic forms and it refers to recognised legitimation by the society. The place a person occupies in society and the way society responds to that becomes symbolic capital. Being recognised as an influential or knowledgeable person offers one a high symbolic capital. It becomes a source of power which can be used by its holder. When this power is utilised by someone, that person exercised symbolic violence. Symbolic violence represents the imposition of a certain way of thinking upon another person. It imposes social order because it is embedded in peoples unconscious, making them follow the dominant or superior persons way of thinking. Bourdieu argues that social origin and cultural capital are the most important. He claims that although social and economic capital are indeed acquired as time passes, both of them depend on the social origins and cultural knowledge of a person. Another topic Bourdieu elaborated on was Social Illusion. He saw reality as being constituted from a number of roles people follow. Everyone engages and follows their own path in life, similar to how a character from a book follows the storyline. The rules and norms society follows add a sense of reality and help the formation of the social illusion. Like a fictional character, a human being has a beginning- his birth, and an end-his death. The beginning is associated with someones cause, reason to be there while the end reminds of his purpose, the role he managed to play. Bourdieu called this sequence of events biographical illusion. There are some attributes that contour the created illusion. The symbolic power of the sate supports these attributes by giving people dates of birth, citizen numbers, grouping them based on nationalities and sex. People often compare life to a story that is being written as time passes. They see it as a journey in which decisions guide the outcome of t he narration. Bourdieu constructed his theories based on real life circumstances that intrigued him. This means the theories can be tested by others as well, by applying them to a personal context. An example of social networks I am part of would constitute my participation in the Rotaract club. This allowed me to interact with other peers, have conversations in which we exchanged knowledge but which also allowed people to show their cultural capital. Being part of the club requires one to pass through a process of admission, which means that it is necessary for one to possess a certain amount of capital to enter. Once in, how you express your dispositions becomes one of the things other members notice first about you. The norms, or habitus, of the group can soon be observed as being different from the patterns developed in other circumstances. These patterns are assimilated by new members in an unconscious way and create a new way of thinking for that person. The objective experiences one has bec ome subjective, interpreted in different ways by everyone. This social network, or field, constitutes one part of my social capital. In addition to this network, being part of a class in high-school, maintaining a group of friends or even being part of my family is considered a part of my social capital. Similar to my capital, is the social capital of one of my friends. However, attending a different school, being part of a different family and having a different group of friends influences the amount of benefits he could gain from being part of a network. Our systems of dispositions might indeed be similar at a superficial level, given that we both come from the same class, in the same society. However, our acquired schemes of thought and perception differ at a deeper level. Institutional education as well as family education influences the most profound cognitive interactions. I received an education focused on science, which gave me a different way to view the world compared to him, whose education was based on art and music. Little differences come from our economic capital. Comparing all of our possessions would lead to the conclusion that the only difference is him owning some musical instruments. However, the value of these instruments, an acoustic and an electrical guitar, does not put him in a different societal class. The differences in hierarchy, as Bourdieu argued, come from the quality and amount of knowledge one possesses, which form our cultural capital. Taste in food, art, music and literature are good indicators of class. Appreciating exotic food is something in common for both me and my friend. The differences would surface when comparing artistic and musical knowledge. I, for instance, cannot read music; neither can I play any instruments. But, playing the guitar is not an indicator of higher glass. Uncommon, more difficult ones, like piano or violin, are the ones that make the true hierarchy distinctions. Yet, one cannot say that cultural and economic capital are not interconnected. For example, if cultural capital is institutionalized, meaning a high ranked university plays a role in defining the hierarchies, a high economic capital is also needed to be able to afford attending the said institution. Moreover, symbolic capital could also surface from this interaction. The majority of society views high ranking universities as something out of their touch, thus, they offer respect and power to people who got in. Having prestige and power usually means being part of more groups, having more interactions with people. This implies that ones social capital is higher. In conclusion, Bourdieus theories covered most of the components of society. These components interact and form subsystems which, glued together, give rise to the unified society. Social illusion gives people reason and a story to continue. With the use of all different forms of capital, people draw boundaries between them, differentiate themselves from the crowd. But still, society maintains the control through habitus, the norms everyone follows unconsciously. And given that humans are social creatures, they need to interact; Bourdieu presented the fields, which represents the subsystem that allows people to express themselves, to show their dispositions and continue playing their role.

Prejudice in Heart of Darkness - Racism in the Heart :: HOD Joseph Conrad Heart of Darkness

Racism in Heart of Darkness I find no elements of racism in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness. I will admit that I began reading this with a little hesitation based on the fact that I do not like to read about human cruelty. However, after reading the story, I did not feel any negative feelings toward the story or author. I feel one must realize that the occurrences of this story were really happening. I do not feel that by the virtue of performing a task that one is hired to do makes one a racist. Many times social problems are so overwhelming that one individual does not know where to begin in correcting the problem. Marlow was described as unemployed with a childhood dream to go to the uncharted Africa. I feel Marlow went to the Congo with no real knowledge of what was truly happening in the Congo. In addition to this thought, people really do not have the capabilities to know the severity of a problem until one experiences it first hand.   I believe that injustices towards another human race are intolerable. However, social change takes time from many people experiencing the issue. In my opinion, there were several incidents within the story that indicated to me that Conrad's character, Marlow, was not a racist. For example, when Marlow is first at the station, he spies a big shade tree in the distance and decides to investigate. Marlow goes under the tree and finds many African people moaning and waiting to die. Marlow is stunned at what he encounters.   This encounter stays with him throughout his time in the Congo.   Marlow was never cruel to his black crewmembers.  Ã‚   After his helmsman died in the attack ordered by Kurtz, Marlow was quite shaken. He later describes that he will never forget the look on his face. I also feel he did a service to the deceased man by throwing him overboard as opposed to letting him possibly be eaten by the rumored cannibals that were part of the crew. In another incident, Marlow saw the pilgrims poising themselves to shoot the natives that had lined up along the river after retrieving Kurtz.   As opposed to allowing them to shoot them unmercifully, Marlow blows the steamers horn knowing it would scare the natives back into the forest and saving them from the guns.

American Freedom

The establishment of American society traces its roots back to the fifteenth century when Columbus discovered the existence of unknown land on this way to India. Since that time many people from all over the world have been taking refuge in the USA escaping from political or religious persecution. It has lead to outstanding ethnic diversity where human skin color varies from black, brown, and black to red and yellow. Depending on their background former â€Å"newcomers† who have become ancestors of new American generations are called â€Å"African Americans†, â€Å"Asian Americans†, â€Å"Russian Americans†, etc.Obviously, highly mentioned representatives of worlds cultures have their own political and religious preferences that have resulted in an increasing number of different confessions (Buddhists, Catholics, Muslims, etc. ) and parties (Democrats, Communists, Republicans, Socialists, etc. ). However, American nation is characterized by the following d istinct features common to overwhelming majority of people: †¢ Privacy and Individualism are the most important aspects of social independence all Americans value the most.Since their childhood Americans have been taught to consider themselves as independent part of a nation, social group, family, etc. They are used to make their own decisions but at the same time may seldom admit that there exist a number of external factors that greatly influence their decision making skills: stereotypes, mass media, social institutions, etc. They reject the idea of being similar to anybody else as they always strive to be different and unique.Newly arrived immigrants or those who accept Americans as guests from abroad may get a better picture of American culture and deeper insight into their beliefs and values only recognizing their true belief in freedom and self-reliance. The majority of Americans believe that in order to survive in modern world of commercialization and skim the cream off one should be free, independent, and self-reliant in terms of thoughts and decisions. This notion is also closely associated with how Americans treat their parents.More often than not, they show less intimate relationships with family members than other representatives of any other culture. They believe that biological/historical circumstances that brought together the parents and the child reach their purpose during child’s upbringing and adolescence after which the parent/child relationships decline and grow weaker. In some cases the connection may be totally lost especially taking into consideration the fact of vast territory of the country.Privacy is another part of American identity which is of great value when people want to psychologically â€Å"replenish† themselves or take their time to think about life situation, etc. †¢ How Americans perceive themselves? Typically, living in the USA its citizens never see themselves as representatives of their own count ry. Instead, they would rather compare themselves to people who are different from others regardless of the fact whether their â€Å"competitors† are of American or foreign origin.Many Americans make statements saying that their culture is not distinct enough to describe as they frequently visualize culture as a number of random traditions on the surface of society which can be distinct and common only in other cultures. Separate Americans sometimes believe that they established their priorities by themselves, rather than having had their thoughts and the considerations on which they are founded obtruded on them by their own culture. When asked to describe common features of American culture the majority of Americans fail to give a descent answer in some cases even rejecting the idea of â€Å"American culture† as a notion.Meanwhile, some Americans may gladly express their generalized their opinions about different groups and subcommunities within their own culture. Sou therners have stereotypical views (generalized, simplified notions) about Northerners, and the other way round. There exists a wide range of traditionally set views about people from the country, from big cities, from inland, from the coasts, from the Southeast, religious and ethnic groups and those who live in Oregon, Texas, Big Apple, California, Arizona, Florida, Hawaii, etc.†¢ Materialism and Achievement. â€Å"She is a hard-working person,† one American may express his/her opinion towards another person, or â€Å"he does his job well. † These phrases denote the usual American’s respect for people who approaches a task thoroughly and persistently, brining it to a victorious finale. In addition, these phrases also denote respect for achievers, those people who do their best and put much effort to achieve their goals. Foreigners frequently have a feeling that American people work harder than people from abroad expect them to work.(More likely these visito rs have been extremely subjective to American mass media production such as movies and TV programs which would typically show audience less working people but more of those who hang out and chill out driving cars and having dates). Regardless of the fact that some of the â€Å"Protestant† professional ethic may have lost some of its influence on Americans, there is still a strong faith that the perfect person must be a â€Å"hard worker. † A hard worker â€Å"gets everything right† in terms of his/her deadline, organizational skills, high standards of quality.Typically, Americans are keen on action. They really believe it is vital to devote much energy to their work or to other daily routine responsibilities. Moreover, they do believe they should be occupied most of the time. They are typically not satisfied, as representatives from many other cultures are, only to sit and have a talk with other people. They get bored and loose patience. They think they should b e occupied with something, or at least make plans and arrangements for future. †¢ Directness and Assertiveness.Americans, as has been indicated above, normally take themselves as sincere, open-minded, and straight in their relationships with other people. Americans will often talk openly and straightly to others about things they do not like. They will make attempts to do so in a style they call â€Å"constructive,† which means a style which the other person will not accept as offensive or improper. If they do not talk sincerely about what is on their thoughts, they will frequently communicate their reaction in nonverbal way (no words, only facial expressions, body positions, and gestures).They are not aware, unlike people from many Asian countries are, that they are supposed to mask or sometimes hide their emotional reaction. Their phrases, the tone of their voice, or their facial expressions will more often than not show when their feelings of anger, unhappiness, confu sion, or happiness. They think it is okay to show these feelings at least within limits. The majority of Asians feel embarrassed around Americans who are showing a strong emotional response to something.On the other hand, Latinos and Arabs are usually inclined to exhibit their emotions more candidly than Americans do, and to consider Americans as unemotional and cold. However, Americans are frequently less straight and open than they recognize it. There exist in fact many restrictions on their desire to discuss things honestly. Regardless of these limitations, Americans are usually more direct and sincere than people from many other cultures. They normally do not try to hide their emotions and are much less worried with â€Å"face† – avoiding awkwardness to themselves or others.To them, being â€Å"open† is typically more important than preserving harmony in interpersonal relationships. Americans use the words â€Å"assertive† or â€Å"hostile† to illustrate a person who is overly assertive in expressing thoughts or making requests. The line between acceptable assertiveness and unacceptable aggressiveness is difficult to draw. †¢ For American culture, time is a â€Å"resource,† like water or coal, which can be used properly or poorly. â€Å"Time is money. † â€Å"You only get so much time in life, so use it wisely.† The future will not be improved comparing to the past or the present, as Americans are used to take things, unless people use their time for constructive and promising activities. Therefore, Americans admire a â€Å"hard-working organized† people who write down things to be done and a schedule for doing them. The ideal person must be punctual (i. e. arrive at the scheduled time for event) and is considerate of other people’s time (that is, does not â€Å"waste people’s time† with conversation or other activity with no visible, beneficial outcome). References Br own, J. (2006). Americans. New York: Pocket Books.

261 Intro to American Lit 2 and Syllabus Professor Ramos Blog

261 Intro to American Lit 2 and Syllabus Welcome to Survey of American Literature 2! An analysis of representative literary works by significant American writers since the Civil War through the present that includes the study of the historical and social context of the literature, and lives of important writers. The course is broken down into three units: 1865-1914 1914-1945 1945-Present The unifying theme that we will be exploring is â€Å"The Problem of American Identity.† We cannot read everything in our anthology and the theme is meant to help you develop an understanding of what American literature is. Norton Anthology of American Literature, Shorter Ninth Edition, Volume 2 1865 to present.

Make Non-toxic Dry Ice Smoke or Fog

Make Non-toxic Dry Ice Smoke or Fog All you need is dry ice and water to make cool, spooky fog or smoke. Its easy and happens instantaneously. Heres how to make dry ice fog and how to color it. What You Need for Dry Ice Smoke Look for dry ice in grocery stores (you may need to ask for it) or specialty gas stores. Its also possible to make homemade dry ice. The materials needed for this project are: Dry Ice  (Carbon Dioxide)Hot WaterInsulated Container How to Make Fog This is so easy! Add chunks of dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) to hot water in a styrofoam or other insulated container.The fog will sink to the ground. You may use a fan on a low setting to move your smoke.The water will cool, so you will need to refresh the hot water to maintain the effect.Room temperature matters. You will get the most fog in a cool room. Have fun! How to Make Colored Smoke The vapor that comes off of dry ice is white. Eventually, carbon dioxide gas mixes into the air and disappears. While you cant dye the smoke to produce colors, its really easy to make it appear colored. Just add a colored light below the fog. It will illuminate it and make it appear to glow. Useful Tips Dry ice is cold enough to give frostbite. Wear protective gloves when handling it.Larger chunks of dry ice will last longer than smaller ones. This is because the smaller pieces have more surface area, so they vaporize more readily.Be aware that extra carbon dioxide is being added to the air. Under some circumstances, this can present an asphyxiation hazard. Cool carbon dioxide vapor sinks before mixing with air, so the highest concentration will be near the floor.Sometimes inexpensive dry ice machines are available. Otherwise, check party supply stores and shipping companies for availability.Keep dry ice away from children, pets, and fools! Adult supervision is required.

Business of weightloss Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business of weightloss - Assignment Example There are certain principles that anchor the success of South Beach Diet as outlined in the sections below. The principle used is based on Glycaemic Index where carbohydrates are broken down into sugar after consumption and absorbed to the bloodstream resulting in high blood sugar causing the release of insulin to reduce it (Agatston, 18). In the first, phase South Beach Diet proposes a carbohydrate free diet that results in energy for the body and fat storage. Owing to the lack of carbohydrates, the body will retrieve stored fats and burn them to produce energy to ensure energy balance in the body is maintained leading to about 3.5 to 5.5 kg loss of weight. To ensure energy balance is maintained in the body, gradual introduction of low glycemic foods and high fiber carbohydrates are reintroduced in the diet in phase two raising insulin levels at a slower rate than starchy carbohydrates. These food aids in supplementing the required energy for the body despite being on a weight loss program. After achieving the desired weight through phases 1 and 2 of the South Beach Diet, maintain the lifestyle principles of phase 1 and 2 is recommended however all the foods are eaten in moderation to avoid intake of more calories than is needed in the body. The diet encourages intake of fruits and vegetables as well as fiber and whole grains to ensure healthy diet and maintenance of weight. At this stage, the diet recommends 3 servings o starch, 3 pieces o fruit, and at most 2 tablespoons of good fat to ensure that the weight remains at the desired level. Healthy living is the other aim of South Beach Diet and this is achieved through drinking 8 to 10 glasses of water a day, supplementing the body with minerals and vitamins with a recommendation of 500 mg of calcium for anyone below 50 years, and 1000 mg for women aged above 50 years. Avoiding caffeinated drinks and alcohol is the other measure of maintaining a healthy body as

Starting Your Own Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Starting Your Own Business - Essay Example The overall starting cost of the business will be USD 45000 and the estimated sales have been forecasted to be around USD 15000 yearly from the starting year. The opportunity can be availed to open a clothing retail store within the New York market due to the uprising flow of the youth desires for urban clothing and apparels along with the fewer existing competitors’ presence. The store will be highly focused on the urban high fashion merchandise and provide the youth with exclusive clothing they generally prefer to purchase from other cities. Proposal Section In the present global context of business scenario, retail merchandising is one of the most efficient and lucrative options for starting a new business initiative. The retail clothing store is considered as one of the highest earning or revenue generating business segments in the US market. The competitive scenario of the US market entails an immense growth opportunity for the apparel sector which is identified to be wor th in excess of USD 20000 million according to the present growth ratio in the retail clothing business. Hence, clothing retail business is an attractive option to establish business venture in the competitive US market. From the perspective of present day context, the earning of approximately USD 150 billion has been achieved in a year by 100,000 clothing stores across the country. Therefore, the proposed business will be to open a clothing retail store. The clothing store will entail the products for young population of the US, which will also be providing accessories and leather items for men, women and children in terms of exclusive clothing brands as compared to the other retail clothing stores. The business will be focused on high fashion urban casual wears to attract youth population of the city. The emerging growth of sales in the assortment of clothing of various brands for youth segment provides an efficient growth prospect in the clothing retail industry in the US. Theref ore, proposed business venture of opening a retail store which will provide apparels will focus on the local customer desires along with providing clothing and apparels for both adult and youth. The expected start-up cost of the clothing retail store has been reviewed to be around USD 45000 including cost of various apparatus and amenities (Boston Rags Clothing Store, n.d.). Rationale for the Proposal The business plan of starting a retail clothing store in one of the major cities of the US is due to the increasing growth on the retail clothing industry along with the increasing demands of the recent trends among the population in the country. The recently collected earnings by the clothing retail had been more than USD 45000 million for the month of March 2012 which has been mentioned by the United States Census Bureau. Therefore, the clothing retail store can be one of the prosperous segments which can provide an efficient opportunity to generate an intensive growth in a shorter p eriod of time (United States Census Bureau, 2012). At the outset, opening up of any business requires a substantial amount of demand for the products that are to be provided. A constant follow of demand can ensure sustainability for a new business venture in the long run. From the findings, it can be observed that the clothing retail sector is quite prospering and consumers’ demand is generally constant and quite high if a company is providing them with varied assortment at one place. Therefore, the idea of the